纳米材料是由粒径1~100nm超微粒子凝聚而成的块状、薄膜状和多层膜状的一类新型材料,近年来被广泛研究和使用。气凝胶是具有大比表面积、低密度、低热导率、高孔隙率的一种新型纳米绝热材料。介绍了气凝胶的种类、性能以及在建筑绝热领域的特性,指出生产质量更轻、成本更低、工艺更简单、吸附性更强的气凝胶是未来主要的研究方向。
Nanomaterials are a new type of block-like,film-like and multi-layered film which is formed by the aggregation of ultrafine particles with a particle size of 1nm to 100nm.It has been widely studied and used in recent years.Aerogel is a new type of nano-insulation material with large specific surface area,low density,low thermal conductivity and high porosity.The types and properties of aerogels and their characteristics in the field of building insulation were mainly introduced.It was pointed out that aerogels with lighter production quality,lower cost,simpler process and stronger adsorption were the main research directions of scientists in the future.
[1] Guo L,Chen Z,Lyu S,et al.Highly flexible cross-linked cellulose nanofibril sponge-like aerogels with improved mechanical property and enhanced flame retardancy[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2018,179:333-340.
[2] Ghanadpour M,Carosio F,Larsson P T,et al.Phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils:a renewable nanomaterial for the preparation of intrinsically flame-retardant materials[J].Biomacromolecules,2015,16(10):3399-3410.
[3] Qi H,Liu J,Pionteck J,et al.Carbon nanotube-cellulose composite aerogels for vapour sensing[J].Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2015,213:20-26.
[4] Wang D Y,Das A,Leuteritz A,et al.Structural characteristics and flammability of fire retarding EPDM/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites[J].RSC Advances,2012,2(9):3927-3933.
[5] Bendahou D,Bendahou A,Seantier B,et al.Nano-fibrillated cellulose-zeolites based new hybrid composites aerogels with super thermal insulating properties[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,65:374-382.
[6] Sun R,Chen H,Li Q,et al.Spontaneous assembly of strong and conductive graphene/polypyrrole hybrid aerogels for energy storage[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(21):12912-12920.
[7] Zhang J,Chen P,Oh B H,et al.High capacitive performance of flexible and binder-free graphene-polypyrrole composite membrane based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide and self-assembly[J].Nanoscale,2013,5(20):9860-9866.
[8] Yu C,Ma P,Xi Z,et al.All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors based on highly dispersed polypyrrole nanowire and reduced graphene oxide composites[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2014,6(20):17937-17943.
[9] Xu Y,Sheng K,Li C,et al.Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process[J].ACS Nano,2010,4(7):4324-4330.
[10] Liu X,Qian T,Xu N,et al.Preparation of on chip,flexible supercapacitor with high performance based on electrophoretic deposition of reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composites[J].Carbon,2015,92:348-353.
[11] Lee B P,Messersmith P B,Israelachvili J N,et al.Mussel-inspired adhesives and coatings[J].Annual Review of Materials Research,2011,41:99-132.
[12] Li Y,Chen J,Huang L,et al.Highly compressible macroporous graphene monoliths via an improved hydrothermal process[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(28):4789-4793.
[13] Kabiri S,Tran D N H,Altalhi T,et al.Outstanding adsorption performance of graphene-carbon nanotube aerogels for continuous oil removal[J].Carbon,2014,80:523-533.
[14] Xu X,Li H,Zhang Q,et al.Self-sensing,ultralight,and conductive 3D graphene/iron oxide aerogel elastomer deformable in a magnetic field[J].ACS Nano,2015,9(4):3969-3977.
[15] Park S,Lee K S,Bozoklu G,et al.Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions—enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking[J].ACS Nano,2008,2(3):572-578.
[16] Liang H W,Wu Z Y,Chen L F,et al.Bacterial cellulose derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber aerogel:an efficient metal-free oxygen reduction electrocatalyst for zinc-air battery[J].Nano Energy,2015,11:366-376.
[17] Bai H,Li C,Wang X,et al.A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel[J].Chemical Communications,2010,46(14):2376-2378.
[18] Ye Y,Hu X.A pH-sensitive injectable nanoparticle composite hydrogel for anticancer drug delivery[J].Journal of Nanomaterials,2016,2016:57.
[19] De Fá tima Júlio M,Soares A,Ilharco L M,et al.Silica-based aerogels as aggregates for cement-based thermal renders[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2016,72:309-318.
[20] Zhao J J,Duan Y Y,Wang X D,et al.A 3-D numerical heat transfer model for silica aerogels based on the porous secondary nanoparticle aggregate structure[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2012,358(10):1287-1297.
[21] Lee D S,Manokruang K,Kim B S.Albumin conjugated temperature and pH-sensitive multi-block copolymer,a method of preparation thereof and drug delivery system using the same:US,9782486[P].2017-10-10.
[22] Bheekhun N,Talib A R A,Hassan M R.Aerogels in aerospace:an overview[J].Advances in Materials Science & Engineering,2013,2013(48):18.
[23] Allahbakhsh A,Bahramian A R.Self-assembled and pyrolyzed carbon aerogels:an overview of their preparation mechanisms,properties and applications[J].Nanoscale,2015,7(34):14139.
[24] Goodman P A,Li H,Gao Y,et al.Preparation and characterization of high surface area,high porosity carbon monoliths from pyrolyzed bovine bone and their performance as supercapacitor electrodes[J].Carbon,2013,55:291-298.
[25] Liang Haiwei,Guan Qingfang,Chen Lifeng,et al.Macroscopic-scale template synthesis of robust carbonaceous nanofiber hydrogels and aerogels and their applications[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2012,51(21):5101-5105.
[26] Zhang P,Gong Y,Wei Z,et al.Updating biomass into functional carbon material in ionothermal manner[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2014,6(15):12515.
[27] Stahl T,Brunner S,Zimmermann M,et al.Thermo-hygric properties of a newly developed aerogel based insulation rendering for both exterior and interior applications[J].Energy & Buildings,2012,44(1):114-117.
[28] Xie Zailai,Wu Zhaofeng,Tan Bin,et al.Ionothermal synthesis of microporous and mesoporous carbon areogels from fructose as electrode materials for supercapacitors[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(12):4497-4505.
[29] Buratti C,Moretti E,Belloni E.Aerogel plasters for building energy efficiency[M]//Nano and Biotech Based Materials for Energy Building Efficiency.Berlin:Springer,2016:17-40.
[30] Labanca N,Suerkemper F,Bertoldi P,et al.Energy efficiency services for residential buildings:market situation and existing potentials in the European Union[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,109:284-295.
[31] Baetens R,Jelle B P,Gustavsen A.Aerogel insulation for building applications:a state-of-the-art review[J].Energy & Buildings,2011,43(4):761-769.
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(51663012,51462021)