相比于锂离子电池,钠离子电池具有资源、成本、性能、安全性等方面的优势,产业化潜力显著。围绕钠离子电池核心组成部分—正极材料展开论述,系统综述了层状过渡金属氧化物与聚阴离子型化合物两类主流正极材料的结构特性、核心短板、改性策略以及产业化案例:通过离子掺杂、表面化学修饰、优化合成工艺等策略,层状过渡金属氧化物有效解决了钠离子脱嵌引发的结构相变,提高了材料的循环稳定性并降低了空气敏感性;通过离子掺杂、碳包覆、异质结构设计等策略,聚阴离子型化合物有效构建了导电网络、缓冲了体积膨胀并优化了离子扩散路径,提升了导电性、能量密度与倍率性能,目前两类材料正加速推进产业化进程。最后从材料设计与产业化应用层面展望了两类材料未来的发展方向,为钠离子电池正极材料的技术开发与产业应用提供关键参考。
Compared with lithium-ion batteries,sodium-ion batteries exhibit distinct advantages in terms of resource availability,cost-effectiveness,performance,and safety,demonstrating significant industrialization potential.This paper focused on the cathode materials,a core component of sodium-ion batteries,and systematically reviewed two mainstream types of cathode materials:layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds,covering their structural characteristics,core shortcomings,modification strategies,and industrial application cases.Through strategies such as ion doping,surface chemical modification,and synthetic process optimization,layered transition metal oxides effectively addressed the structural phase transition caused by sodium-ion intercalation and deintercalation,thereby improving the materials' cycling stability and reducing their air sensitivity.Through approaches including ion doping,carbon coating,and heterostructure design,polyanionic compounds successfully established conductive networks,mitigated volume expansion,and optimized ion diffusion paths,leading to enhanced electrical conductivity,energy density,and rate performance.Currently,the industrialization process of both material types is accelerating.Finally,the paper proposed future directions and prospects from the dual perspectives of material design and industrial development,providing key references for the technological development and industrial application of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
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