生物质作为可再生碳资源,在实现能源可持续转型与环境污染治理中具有重要战略意义。介绍了生物质热裂解制油及其催化加氢脱氧精制的研究进展与反应路径。快速热裂解技术可高效将木质纤维素类原料转化为液态生物油,但高含氧量、热稳定性差与腐蚀性强等特性严重制约了其直接应用,亟需通过催化加氢脱氧等手段实现深度脱氧和燃料品质提升。研究表明,Ni、Co等非贵金属催化剂在酸性载体协同作用下对羧酸、酚类等含氧组分具有良好的脱氧活性,兼具经济性与实用性,但其热稳定性及抗失活能力有待提升;相比之下,Pt、Pd、Ru等贵金属催化剂表现出优异的催化效率与选择性,但受限于高成本与资源稀缺。催化机理研究进一步揭示,金属-载体界面作用、金属分散度、酸性位点类型及分布均显著影响脱氧路径选择与产物分布。当前研究趋势正向多功能催化剂活性位点的精准构建以及借助先进表征技术深入解析反应机理方向拓展。未来应聚焦低成本、高选择性、长寿命催化剂体系的开发,推动生物质液体燃料从实验室规模向工业化应用的转化升级。
As a renewable carbon resource,biomass holds significant strategic value in facilitating sustainable energy transitions and mitigating environmental pollution.This review systematically summarized the recent research progress and technological pathways in biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil production and its subsequent catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) upgrading.Fast pyrolysis efficiently converts lignocellulosic feedstocks into liquid bio-oil;however,its high oxygen content,poor thermal stability,and strong corrosiveness severely hinder direct utilization.Therefore,catalytic HDO is essential for deep deoxygenation and fuel quality enhancement.Studies have shown that non-noble metal catalysts such as Ni and Co,especially when supported on acidic carriers,exhibit promising deoxygenation activity for oxygenated compounds like carboxylic acids and phenolics,offering both economic and practical advantages.However,challenges remain in terms of thermal stability and resistance to deactivation.In contrast,noble metal catalysts such as Pt,Pd,and Ru demonstrate superior catalytic efficiency and selectivity but are constrained by high cost and limited availability.Mechanistic investigations reveal that metal-support interactions,metal dispersion,and the type and distribution of acidic sites critically influence deoxygenation pathways and product selectivity.Current research trends are shifting toward the precise construction of multifunctional catalytic active sites and the in-depth analysis of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization techniques.Future work should focus on developing low-cost,highly selective,and durable catalytic systems to accelerate the transition of biomass-derived liquid fuels from laboratory research to industrial-scale applications.
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基金资助
国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFB4203800)
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