相变材料(PCM)凭借其高储能密度和等温相变特性在热能管理领域展现出独特优势,然而液相泄漏、导热系数低等固有缺陷严重制约其应用。利用多孔材料封装PCM制备的复合材料,可有效克服这些关键缺陷。来源广、成本低、孔隙结构丰富的生物质,因其优异特性,成为理想碳基载体原料。综述了3种生物质多孔碳制备方法(碳化法、活化法和模板法)的优缺点,比较了碳化法复合相变材料(PCMs)的性能;叙述了生物质多孔碳复合相变材料的合成方式,总结了其在建筑节能、太阳能热能储存、电子热管理、智能纺织、航空航天领域的应用。最后,探讨了当前面临的发展局限性,并对其未来应用前景进行展望。
Phase change materials (PCMs) show unique advantages in thermal energy management by virtue of their high-energy storage density and isothermal phase change properties.However,inherent defects such as liquid-phase leakage and low thermal conductivity severely limit their applications.Composites prepared by encapsulating PCMs with porous materials can effectively overcome these critical limitations.Biomass,with its wide sources,low cost,and rich in pore structure,has become an ideal carbon-based carrier feedstock due to its excellent properties.This article reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods of preparing biomass porous carbon (carbonisation,activation and template methods),compared the properties of composite phase change materials (PCMs) by the carbonisation method,described the synthesis methods of biomass porous carbon composite PCMs,and summarized their applications in the fields of building energy efficiency,electronic thermal management,solar thermal energy storage,smart textiles,and aerospace.The article concluded with a discussion of the developmental limitations currently faced and an outlook for their future application prospects.
[1] Zhai Z Q,Lu Y M,Liu G Y,et al.Recent advances in biomass-derived porous carbon materials:synthesis composition and applications[J].Chemical Research in Chinese Universities,2024,40(1):3-19.
[2] 肖力光,李赫.生物质基复合相变材料的研究与应用现状[J].化工新型材料,2023,51(11):22-26.
[3] Zhang S,Feng D L,Shi L,et al.A review of phase change heat transfer in shape-stabilized phase change materials(ss-PCMs) based on porous supports for thermal energy storage[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2021,135:110127.
[4] Khandaker T,Islam T,Nandi A,et al.Biomass-derived carbon materials for sustainable energy applications:a comprehensive review[J].Sustainable Energy & Fuels,2025,9(3):693-723.
[5] Chen W H,Biswas P P,Zhang C,et al.Achieving carbon credits through biomass torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization:a review[J] Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2025,208:115056.
[6] Zheng C W,Huang Z Y,Wang D Y,et al.Synthesis and properties of biomass derived carbon/PEG composite as photothermal conversion effective phase change material for functional concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2024,149:105495.
[7] Tian S,Yang R Y,Pan Z H,et al.Anisotropic reed-stem-derived hierarchical porous biochars supported paraffin wax for efficient solar-thermal energy conversion and storage[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2022,56:106153.
[8] Gowthami D,Sharma R K,Ansu A K,et al.Evaluation of carbonized cotton stalk for development of novel form stable composite phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2024,188:1037-1048.
[9] Ze J,Abdalkarim S Y H,Li H,et al.Waste pomelo peels-derived ultralow density 3D-porous carbon aerogels:mechanisms of ‘Soft-rigid’ structural formation and solar-thermal energy storage conversion[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2023,259:112453.
[10] He Q,Fei H,Zhou J H,et al.Utilization of carbonized water hyacinth for effective encapsulation and thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change energy storage materials[J].Construction and Building Materials,2023,372:130841.
[11] 陈俊秀,李金昊,代钢,等.盐模板法制备多孔碳材料的研究进展[J].物理化学进展,2022,11(1):21-27.
[12] 黄冠华,刘序彦,房晨曦,等.生物模板法制备磁性中空微球的方法和应用[J].化工进展,2021,40(5):2613-2623.
[13] Ding Y X,Qi J,Hou R L,et al.Preparation of high-performance hierarchical porous activated carbon via a multistep physical activation method for supercapacitors[J].Energy & Fuels,2022,36(10):5456-5464.
[14] Ratnaji T,Kennedy L J,Vijaya J J.Peanut oil cake biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon by dual step activation as potential electrodes for fabrication of prototype symmetric supercapacitor device[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2024,2024(1):4961636.
[15] Kumar P,Thomas S,Sobhan C B,et al.Activated carbon foam composite derived from PEG400/Terminalia Catappa as form stable PCM for sub-zero cold energy storage[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2024,434:139993.
[16] 秦千惠,钟菲,赵晓磊,等.活化剂种类对生物质活性炭理化特性的影响[J].太阳能学报,2022,43(2):1-9.
[17] 张京涛,吉闫,左宇程,等.柚子皮基钠离子电池硬碳孔结构的调控及其储钠性能研究[J].现代化工,2024,44(9):114-118.
[18] Xie L L,Jin Z H,Dai Z D,et al.Porous carbons synthesized by templating approach from fluid precursors and their applications in environment and energy storage:a review[J].Carbon,2020,170:100-118.
[19] Kim K W,Park B,Kim J,et al.Recent progress in block copo lymer soft-template-assisted synthesis of versatile mesoporous materials for energy storage systems[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2023,11(14):7358-7386.
[20] Zhou H Y,Liu Y L,Jin C,et al.Fabrication of lignosulfonate-derived porous carbon via pH-tunable self-assembly strategy for efficient atrazine removal[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2024,270:132148.
[21] Soni K,Panwar N L.A detailed review on unlocking the potential of porous biocarbon in composite phase change materials for transformative thermal energy storage[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2025,114:115725.
[22] Li C E,Sun Z W,Shao J J,et al.A novel biochar supported dual-flame-retardant composite phase change material (PCM) for building energy saving[J].Construction and Building Materials,2025,485:141953.
[23] Atinafu D G,Yun B Y,Choi J Y,et al.Introduction of sustainable food waste-derived biochar for phase change material assembly to enhance energy storage capacity and enable circular economy[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2023,72:108338.
[24] Luo Y,Zhang F,Li C C,et al.Biomass-based shape-stable phase change materials supported by garlic peel-derived porous carbon for thermal energy storage[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2022,46:103929.
[25] Yin Q,Zhu G,Wang R,et al.Enhancing the thermal storage performance of biochar/paraffin composite phase change materials:effect of oleophobic modification of biochar[J].Energy,2024,293:130715.
[26] Xiao S K,Hu X W,Jiang L,et al.Nano-Ag modified bio-based loofah foam/polyethylene glycol composite phase change materials with higher photo-thermal conversion efficiency and thermal conductivity[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2022,54:105238.
[27] Zhang H Z,Sun S Y,Wang X D,et al.Fabrication of microencapsulated phase change materials based on n-octadecane core and silica shell through interfacial polycondensation[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2011,389:104-117.
[28] Mustapha A N,Zhang Y,Zhang Z B,et al.A systematic study on the reaction mechanisms for the microencapsulation of a volatile phase change material (PCM) via one-step in situ polymerisation[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2022,252:117497.
[29] Gu M Y,Huang Y Q,Bao K D,et al.Efficient preparation of GO-modified regular spherical SiO2@CaCl2·6H2O phase change microcapsules for enhanced thermal energy storage[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2024,83:110727.
[30] Chen H X,Zhang L,Pinzon S,et al.Decarbonizing the G7:renewable energy,economic growth,globalization,and policy pathways to sustainability[J].Renewable Energy,2025,244:122671.
[31] Chen C,Fang L,Jiu S,et al.Preparation of novel straw-based shape-stabilized phase change materials and their effect on the properties of gypsum-based composites[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2025,116:116087.
[32] Fabiani C,Santini C,Barbanera M,et al.Phase change materials-impregnated biomass for energy efficiency in buildings:innovative material production and multiscale thermophysical characterization[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2023,58:106223.
[33] Xie Y Q,Xi L.MXene quantum dots modified pitaya peel-based composite phase change material with excellent thermal properties for building energy efficiency applications[J].Construction and Building Materials,2024,449:138392.
[34] Gao N,Du J L,Yang W B,et al.Biomass-based shape-stabilized composite phase-change materials with high solar-thermal conversion efficiency for thermal energy storage[J].Polymers,2023,15(18):3747.
[35] Prabhu B,Arunkumar T,Subramanian P,et al.Conch shell derived bio-carbon/Paraffin as novel composite phase change material with enhanced thermal energy storage properties for photovoltaic module cooling systems[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2025,281:113306.
[36] Hari B,Suresh S,Kottala R K,et al.Synthesis and characterization of high thermal conductive leak resistant phase change material for solar photovoltaic panel cooling applications[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2025,122:116656.
[37] Luo Y,Luo Z W,Gao R,et al.Waste biomass-based jackfruit peel/n-docosane composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage and battery thermal management[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2025,110:115277.
[38] Zhang S X,Zhao G Y,Li Z,et al.Flexible biomass-based phase change materials:LN-Ti for environmentally friendly thermal management[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2025,285:113552.
[39] Das D,Masek O,Paul M C.Development of novel form-stable PCM-biochar composites and detailed characterization of their morphological,chemical and thermal properties[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2024,84:110995.
[40] Liang C B,Zhang W,Liu C L,et al.Multifunctional phase change textiles with electromagnetic interference shielding and multiple thermal response characteristics[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2023,471:144500.
[41] Yang K,Duan C,Ma R T,et al.Smart and robust phase change cellulose fibers from coaxial wet-spinning of cellulose nanofibril-reinforced paraffin capsules with excellent thermal management[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2024,346:122649.
[42] Cao C Y,Wang R X,Xing X D,et al.Performance improvement of integrated thermal protection system using shaped-stabilized composite phase change material[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2020,164:114529.
[43] Liu S X,Xin S,Wei X X,et al.Novel composite phase change material with modified melamine foam as an encapsulation template for use in personal cooling suits[J].Journal of Energy Storage,2024,101:113796.
[44] Midhun V C,Saha S K.Solid-solid phase change material composite based heat sink with tandem coupled heat pipe for cooling of electronics in arsh thermal environments[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2025,267:125846.
基金资助
江西省自然科学基金项目(20242BAB25281);赣鄱俊才支持计划—急需紧缺海外引进项目(20242BCE50075);江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2200817);江西理工大学高层次人才资助项目(205200100620)
PDF
