This paper systematically reviewed the research progress on three modification methods for graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts—morphology control,elemental doping,and heterostructure construction—along with their impact on photocatalytic performance.It also examined their applications in pollutant treatment,hydrogen evolution,and CO2 degradation,demonstrating promising prospects for g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.However,challenges persisted in mechanism studies,practical implementation,and industrial-scale production.Future research should focus on exploring green and efficient modification strategies to broaden their engineering applications.
[1] Chen X,Mao S S.Titanium dioxide nanomaterials:synthesis,properties,modifications,and applications[J].Chemical Reviews,2007,107(7):2891-2959.
[2] Ijaz M,Zafar M.Titanium dioxide nanostructures as efficient photocatalyst:progress,challenges and perspective[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2021,45(3):3569-3589.
[3] Nasr M,Eid C,Habchi R,et al.Recent progress on titanium dioxide nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications[J].ChemSusChem,2018,11(18):3023-3047.
[4] Song T,Yu X,Tian N,et al.Preparation,structure and application of g-C3N4/BiOX composite photocatalyst[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2021,46(2):1857-1878.
[5] Bao T,Li X,Li S,et al.Recent advances of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based materials for photocatalytic applications:a review[J].Nano Materials Science,2025,7(2):145-168.
[6] Ong W J,Tan L L,Ng Y H,et al.Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation:are we a step closer to achieving sustainability?[J].Chemical Reviews,2016,116(12):7159-7329.
[7] Xiao L,Liu T,Zhang M,et al.Interfacial construction of zero-dimensional/one-dimensional g-C3N4 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube arrays with Z-scheme heterostructure for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,2018,7(2):2483-2491.
[8] Pawar R C,Kang S,Park J H,et al.Room-temperature synthesis of nanoporous 1D microrods of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):1-14.
[9] Posudievsky O Y,Kondratyuk A S,Kozarenko O A,et al.Effect of mechanochemical preparation of 2D g-C3N4 on electronic properties and efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2019,44(33):17922-17929.
[10] Hayat A,Sohail M,El Jery A,et al.Different dimensionalities,morphological advancements and engineering of g-C3N4-based nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage[J].The Chemical Record,2023,23(5):e202200171.
[11] Fang Q,Li B,Li Y Y,et al.0D/2D Z-scheme heterojunctions of g-C3N4 quantum dots/ZnO nanosheets as a highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst[J].Advanced Powder Technology,2019,30(8):1576-1583.
[12] Zhang M,Sun Y,Chang X,et al.Template-free synthesis of one-dimensional g-C3N4 chain nanostructures for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J].Frontiers in Chemistry,2021,9:652762.
[13] Tang J Y,Er C C,Kong X Y,et al.Two-dimensional interface engineering of g-C3N4/g-C3N4 nanohybrid:synergy between isotype and pn heterojunctions for highly efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2023,466:143287.
[14] Fu Z,Wang H,Wang Y,et al.Construction of three-dimensional g-C3N4/Gr-CNTs/TiO2 Z-scheme catalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity[J].Applied Surface Science,2020,510:145494.
[15] Khan M A,Mutahir S,Shaheen I,et al.Recent advances over the doped g-C3N4 in photocatalysis:a review[J].Coordination Chemistry Reviews,2025,522:216227.
[16] Shi H,Du J,Hou J,et al.Solar-driven CO2 conversion over Co2+ doped 0D/2D TiO2/g-C3N4 heterostructure:insights into the role of Co2+ and cocatalyst[J].Journal of CO2 Utilization,2020,38:16-23.
[17] Yaseen H S,Deng L,Luo L,et al.La-doped and AgO-loading g-C3N4 heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting[J].Materials Today Catalysis,2025:100111.
[18] Wei X,Shen J,Chen Z,et al.Boosting photocatalytic H2 production on K-doped porous g-C3N4 nanosheets:mechanism exploration from both experimental and DFT studies[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2025,161:150465.
[19] Kumbhar S G,De M.Non-metal (B/N/P) doped green carbon dots modified g-C3N4 for visible light-driven glycerol photo-oxidation[J].Materials Today Chemistry,2025,47:102833.
[20] Liang J,Tian F,Li Y,et al.Single-atom Cu anchored phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J].Environmental Research,2025:122324.
[21] Chen Q,Huang J,Chu D,et al.eAccelerated photogenerated charge separation driven synergistically by the interfacial electric field and work function in Z-scheme Zn-Ni2P/G-C3N4 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[C].Exploration,2025,5(5):20240189.
[22] Hu C,Cao J,Jia X,et al.Difunctional Ni2P decorated novel Z-scheme BiVO4/g-C3N4 heterojunction for achieving highly efficient CO2 reduction and tetracycline oxidation[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,337:122957.
[23] Zhong Y,Zhu H,Xie X,et al.All-solid-state Z-scheme CsPbBr3/Au/g-C3N4 heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic C—H oxidation[J].Inorganic Chemistry,2025,64(6):2706-2715.
[24] Chen X,Wang J,Chai Y,et al.Efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting induced by the giant internal electric field of a g-C3N4/rGO/PDIP Z-scheme heterojunction[J].Advanced Materials,2021,33(7):2007479.
[25] Dong P,Zhang A,Cheng T,et al.2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction with a covalent organic framework and g-C3N4 nanosheets for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution[J].Chinese Journal of Catalysis,2022,43(10):2592-2605.
[26] Zhou S,Sun H,Wang J,et al.Embedding FePc into stacked layers of g-C3N4 by supercritical CO2 for enhanced visible light photocatalytic oxidation[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2025,1035:181509.
[27] Mishra S,Kumar A,Verma N.g-C3N4-supported NiBO3 (B=Ti,Sn) perovskite-based arrow-up dual-S scheme heterostructure for efficient hydrogen production via water splitting[J].Fuel,2025,399:135673.
[28] Zheng Y,Ruan Q,Ren J X,et al.Plasma-assisted liquid-based growth of g-C3N4/Mn2O3 pn heterojunction with tunable valence band for photoelectrochemical application[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,323:122170.
[29] Liu Z,Yang Y,Guo Z,et al.g-C3N4/MnFe2O4 pn hollow stratified heterojunction to improve the photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2023,827:140698.
[30] He W,Liu L,Ma T,et al.Controllable morphology CoFe2O4/g-C3N4 pn heterojunction photocatalysts with built-in electric field enhance photocatalytic performance[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2022,306:121107.
基金资助
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD1101000)
PDF
