In recent years,as a type of graphene-like material with adjustable band gap,transitional metal sulfide has attracted increasing attention from researchers.Two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanomaterials are typical representatives of the transition metal sulfide family.Due to their characteristics of multiple active sites,high specific surface area,chemical stability and semiconducting properties,they have broad application prospects in electronic devices,electrocatalysis,biosensing and other fields.In this paper,combined with domestic and foreign researches in recent years,five main methods for preparing two-dimensional WS2 nanomaterials were reviewed,which included chemical vapor deposition,hydrothermal method,mechanical stripping method,ion intercalation stripping method and liquid-phase synthesis.The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were summarized,and it was pointed out that it was an urgent challenge to develop a preparation method of two-dimensional WS2 nanomaterials with high efficiency,high crystallinity and controllable layer number.
[1] Novoselov K S,Geim A K,Morozov S V.Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J].Science,2004,306(5696):666-669.
[2] Bian Renji,Li Changcun,Liu Qing,et al.Recent progress in the synthesis of novel two-dimensional van der Waals materials[J].National Science Review,2022,9(5):164-183.
[3] Roy S,Zhang Xiang,Puthirath A B,et al.Structure,properties and applications of two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride[J].Advanced Materials,2021,33:2101589-2101636.
[4] 杜淼,张光荣.石墨烯的制备及其应用研究进展[J].无机盐工业,2019,51(3):12-15.
[5] Zhou Jiadong,Chao Ahu,Zhou Yao,et al.Composition and phase engineering of metal chalcogenides and phosphorous chalcogenides[J].Nature Materials,2023,22(4):450-458.
[6] Rani S,Sharma M,Verma D,et al.Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their heterostructures:role of process parameters in top-down and bottom-up synthesis approaches[J].Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing,2022,139:106313-106341.
[7] Tan Q H,Li Y M,Lai J M,et al.Quantum interference between dark-excitons and zone-edged acoustic phonons in few-layer WS2[J].Nature Communications,2023,14(1):88.
[8] Wang T,Hopper T R,Mondal N,et al.Hot carrier cooling and trapping in atomically thin WS2 probed by three-pulse femtosecond spectroscopy[J].ACS Nano,2023,17(7):6330-6340.
[9] Wenelska K,Kedzierski T,Beben D,et al.Sandwich-type architecture film based on WS2 and ultrafast self-expanded and reduced graphene oxide in a Li-ion battery[J].Frontiers in Chemistry,2023,10:1102207.
[10] Chen Ye,Lai Zhuangchai,Zhang Xiao,et al.Phase engineering of nanomaterials[J].Nature Reviews Chemistry,2020,4(5):243-256.
[11] Cui Qilong,Luo Ziyu,Cui Qirui,et al.Robust and high photoluminescence in WS2 monolayer through in situ defect engineering[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2021,31(38):2105339-2105348.
[12] Hai Xiao,Chang Kun,Pang Hong,et al.Engineering the edges of MoS2(WS2) crystals for direct exfoliation into monolayers in polar micromolecular solvents[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2016,138(45):14962-14969.
[13] Yang Ruijie,Fan Yingying,Zhang Yuefeng,et al.2D transition metal dichalcogenides for photocatalysis[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2023,62(13):202218016.
[14] Kang S,Eshete Y A,Lee S,et al.Bandgap modulation in the two-dimensional core-shell-structured monolayers of WS2[J].iScience,2022,25(1):103563.
[15] Tang Baoshan,Yu Zhigen,Huang Li,et al.Direct n-to p-type channel conversion in monolayer/few-layer WS2 field-effect transistors by atomic nitrogen treatment[J].ACS Nano,2018,12(3):2506-2513.
[16] Yue Yuchen,Chen Jiancui,Zhang Yu,et al.Two-dimensional high-quality monolayered triangular WS2 flakes for field-effect transistors[J].ACS Applied Materials Interfaces,2018,10(26):22435-22444.
[17] Ulstrup S,‘t Veld Y I,Miwa J A,et al.Observation of interlayer plasmon polaron in graphene/WS2 heterostructures[J].Nature Communications,2024,15(1):3845.
[18] Liu Xinyue,Mai Qian,Mao Bijun,et al.WS2/hBN hetero-nanoslits with spatially mismatched electromagnetic multipoles for directional and enhanced light emission[J].ACS Nano,2022,16(1):675-682.
[19] Hennighausen Z,Wickramaratne D,Mccreary K M,et al.Laser-patterned submicrometer Bi2Se3-WS2 pixels with tunable circular polarization at room temperature[J].ACS Applied Materials Interfaces,2022,14(7):9504-9514.
[20] Duan X Y,Wang B,Rong K X,et al.Valley-addressable mo-nolayer lasing through spin-controlled Berry phase photonic cavities[J].Science,2023,381(6665):1429-1432.
[21] Xiao Ping,Buijnsters J G,Zhao Yanxi,et al.Fullerene-like WS2 supported Pd catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction[J].Journal of Catalysis,2019,380:215-223.
[22] Han Wenqian,Liu Zihan,Pan Yanbo,et al.Designing champion nanostructures of tungsten dichalcogenides for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J].Advanced Materials,2020,32(28):2002584.
[23] Yi Luocai,Ji Yaxin,Shao Ping,et al.Scalable synthesis of WS2 nanosheets for alkali-acid electrocatalytic sulfion recycle and H2 generation[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2021,60:21550-21557.
[24] Chen Renjie,Zhao Teng,Wu Weiping,et al.Free-standing hierarchically sandwich-type tungsten disulfide nanotubes/graphene anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries[J].Nano Letters,2014,14(10):5899-5904.
[25] Zhao Zhongchen,Hu Zhengqiang,Li Qiang,et al.Designing two-dimensional WS2 layered cathode for high-performance aluminum-ion batteries:from micro-assemblies to insertion mechanism[J].Nano Today,2020,32:100870-100876.
[26] Luo Xiaomin,Huang Jianfeng,Huang Yixuan,et al.Self-templated induced carbon supported hollow WS2 composite structure for high performance sodium storage[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(37):21366-21378.
[27] Li Fei,Zhou Yunlei,Wang Siyu,et al.One step preparation of CN-WS2 nanocomposite with enhanced photoactivity and its application for photoelectrochemical detection of 5-formylcytosine in the genomic DNA of maize seedling[J].Biosensors and Bioelectronics,2020,151:111973.
[28] Li Aixue,Zhang Jian,Qiu Jichuan,et al.A novel aptameric biosensor based on the self-assembled DNA-WS2 nanosheet architecture[J].Talanta,2017,163:78-84.
[29] Liu Lixuan,Ye Kun,Jia Zhiyan,et al.High-sensitivity and versatile plasmonic biosensor based on grain boundaries in polycrystalline 1L WS2 films[J].Biosensors and Bioelectronics,2021,194:113596.
[30] Li A S,Zhang T T,Zhang X W,et al.Flexocatalytic reduction of tumor interstitial fluid/solid pressure for efficient nanodrug penetration[J].ACS Nano,2024,18(4):5344-5357.
[31] Wang Qichen,Lei Yongpeng,Wang Yuchao,et al.Atomic-scale engineering of chemical-vapor-deposition-grown 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for electrocatalysis[J].Energy Environmental Science,2020,13(6):1593-1616.
[32] Ai R Q,Xia X Y,Zhang H,et al.Orientation-dependent interaction between the magnetic plasmons in gold nanocups and the excitons in WS2 monolayer and multilayer[J].ACS Nano,2023,17(3):2356-2367.
[33] Cohen A,Mohapatra P K,Hettler S,et al.Tungsten oxide mediated quasi-van der waals epitaxy of WS2 on sapphire.[J].ACS Nano,2023,17(6):5399-5411.
[34] Liu Lixuan,Ye Kun,Lin Changqing,et al.Grain-boundary-rich polycrystalline monolayer WS2 film for attomolar-level Hg2+ sensors[J].Nature Communications,2021,12(1):3870.
[35] Wang Kai,Zhang Lizhi,Nguyen G D,et al.Selective antisite defect formation in WS2 monolayers via reactive growth on dilute W-Au alloy substrates[J].Advanced Materials,2022,34(3):2106674.
[36] Han Ali,Zhou Xiaofeng,Wang Xijun,et al.One-step synthesis of single-site vanadium substitution in 1T-WS2 monolayers for enhanced hydrogen evolution catalysis[J].Nature Communications,2021,12(1):709.
[37] Chen Ying,Jiang Ying,Yi Chen,et al.Efficient control of emission and carrier polarity in WS2 monolayer by indium doping[J].Science China Materials,2021,64(6):1449-1456.
[38] Xie Lingbin,Wang Longlu,Zhao Weiwei,et al.WS2 moiré superlattices derived from mechanical flexibility for hydrogen evolution reaction[J].Nature Communications,2021,12(1):5070.
[39] Lei Tianyu,Chen Wei,Huang Jianwen,et al.Multi-functional layered WS2 nanosheets for enhancing the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(4):1601843.
[40] Zhou Qinan,Zhu Luyi,Zheng Chengyu,et al.Nanoporous functionalized WS2/MWCNTs nanocomposite for trimethy-lamine detection based on quartz crystal microbalance gas sensor[J].ACS Applied Materials Interfaces,2021,13(34):41339-41350.
[41] Neema P M,Cyriac J.Rational control on the morphology of WS2 nanomaterials by altering hydrothermal reaction conditions[J].FlatChem,2022,34:100401.
[42] Zou Bo,Zhou Yu,Zhou Yan,et al.Reliable and broad-range layer identification of Au-assisted exfoliated large area MoS2 and WS2 using reflection spectroscopic fingerprints[J].Nano Research,2022,15(9):8470-8478.
[43] Ooi S I,Ahmad H,Professor A.Thermal release tape assisted mechanical exfoliation of pristine TMD and the performance of the exfoliated TMD saturable absorbers for Q-switched laser generation[J].Optical Materials,2022,128:112363.
[44] Ma Lu,Liu Zan,Cheng Zhilin,et al.Scalable exfoliation and friction performance of few-layered WS2 nanosheets by microwave-assisted liquid-phase sonication[J].Ceramics International,2020,46(3):3786-3792.
[45] Zhang Pu,Zhu Pengcheng,Zhang Fukang,et al.Enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of 2D few-layer WS2 nanosheets via piezoelectric effects[J].Inorganic Chemistry Communications,2021,132:108822.
[46] Zhang Yiming,Qi Shuyan,Zhang Ruiyan,et al.Experimental and theoretical research on CdS nanoparticles embedded in layered WS2 to construct type Ⅱ heterostructure and improve the performance of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2022,904:164093.
[47] Luo Xi,Pu Xiaolu,Ding Xiaomin.Low loading of tannic acid-functionalized WS2 nanosheets for robust epoxy nanocompo-sites[J].ACS Applied Nano Materials,2021,4(10):10419-10429.
[48] Tian Li,Qiao Hui,Huang Zongyu,et al.Li-ion intercalated exfoliated WS2 nanosheets with enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance[J].Crystal Research.Technology,2021,56(4):2000165.
[49] Kim J Y,Chae S,Jang W,et al.Antioxidant triggered metallic 1T' phase transformations of chemically exfoliated tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets[J].Small,2022,18(12):2107557.
[50] Frauendorf A P,Niebur A,Harms L,et al.Room temperature micro-photoluminescence studies of colloidal WS2 nanosheets[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2021,125(34):18841-18848.
[51] Sun Jiuxiao,Li Xue,Xiong Tiantian,et al.Iron partially occupying sulfur vacancies in WS2 boosts electrochemical nitrogen fixation at low potentials[J].Chemical Communications,2022,58(52):7261-7264.
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(21501103);山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2023TSGC0580);山东师范大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2023150102);山东师范大学本科生科研基金项目(BKJJ2023054)