自有机发光二极管(OLED)诞生以来,科学家一直致力于开发高效的发光材料,力求获得更优越的器件性能。近年来,含有氮杂环卡宾(NHC)的金(Ⅰ)配合物,通过搭配合适的给体单元(如酰胺、炔基、芳基),不仅能够展现出超快的辐射衰减速率,还能实现接近100%的发光量子产率,被视为发光材料领域的一颗璀璨新星,展现出广阔的应用前景。系统地综述了氮杂环卡宾金(Ⅰ)配合物发光材料的研究进展,通过剖析不同配体基团的选择策略,结合分子设计原理,探讨分子结构与其光电性能之间的内在关联,并进一步分析这些材料在提升OLED性能方面的潜力与应用前景。
Since the advent of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs),scientists have been dedicated to developing efficient luminescent materials to achieve superior device performance.In recent years,gold(Ⅰ) complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as a rising star in the field of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials.When paired with suitable donor units (such as amides,alkynes,and aryls),these complexes can not only exhibit ultrafast radiative decay rates but also achieve nearly 100% photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs),showcasing vast application potential.This article systematically reviewed the research progress of gold(Ⅰ) complex luminescent materials containing NHC.By analyzing the selection strategies for different donor groups in conjunction with molecular design principles,we explored the intrinsic relationships between molecular structures and their photophysical properties.Furthermore,we discussed the potentials and application prospects of these materials in enhancing OLED performance.
[1] Mamada M,Hayakawa M,Ochi J,et al.Organoboron-based multiple-resonance emitters:synthesis,structure-property correlations,and prospects[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2024,53(3):1624-1692.
[2] Li T Y,Zheng S J,Djurovich P I,et al.Two-coordinate thermally activated delayed fluorescence coinage metal complexes:molecular design,photophysical characters,and device application[J].Chemical Reviews,2024,124(7):4332-4392.
[3] Li P,Li W,Zhang Y,et al.Recent progress of thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials with narrowband red,green,and blue (RGB) emission[J].ACS Materials Letters,2024,6(5):1746-1768.
[4] Xue M,Lam T L,Cheng G,et al.Exceedingly stable luminescent dinuclear Pt(Ⅱ) complexes with ditopic formamidinate bridging ligands for high-performance red and deep-red OLEDs with LT97 up to 2446 h at 1000cd/m2[J].Advanced Optical Materials,2022,10(18):2200741.
[5] Zheng Z,Wang L,Xin Y,et al.Iridium(Ⅲ) carbene phosphors with fast radiative transitions for blue organic light emitting diodes and hyperphosphorescence[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2024,34:2311692.
[6] Li G,Ameri L,Dorame B,et al.Improved operational stability of blue phosphorescent OLEDs by functionalizing phenyl-carbene groups of tetradentate Pt(Ⅱ) complexes[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2024,34(42):2405066.
[7] Amouri H.Luminescent complexes of platinum,iridium,and coinage metals containing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands:design,structural diversity,and photophysical properties[J].Chemical Reviews,2023,123(1):230-270.
[8] Ying A,Tan Y,Gong S.Highly efficient copper(Ⅰ) emitters supported by secondary metal-ligand interactions[J].Advanced Optical Materials,2024,12(17):2303333.
[9] Wang H M J,Vasam C S,Tsai T Y R,et al.Gold(Ⅰ) N-heterocyclic carbene and carbazolate complexes[J].Organometallics,2005,24(4):486-493.
[10] Di D,Romanov A S,Yang L,et al.High-performance light-emitting diodes based on carbene-metal-amides[J].Science,2017,356(6334):159-163.
[11] Conaghan P J,Matthews C S B,Chotard F,et al.Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes based on carbene-metal-amides[J].Nature Communications,2020,11(1):1758.
[12] Romanov A S,Yang L,Jones S T E,et al.Dendritic carbene metal carbazole complexes as photoemitters for fully solution-processed OLEDs[J].Chemistry of Materials,2019,31(10):3613-3623.
[13] Hamze R,Shi S,Kapper S C,et al.“Quick-Silver” from a systematic study of highly luminescent,two-coordinate,d10 coinage metal complexes[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2019,141(21):8616-8626.
[14] Hamze R,Idris M,Ravinson D S M,et al.Highly efficient deep blue luminescence of 2-coordinate coinage metal complexes bearing bulky NHC benzimidazolyl carbene[J].Frontiers in Chemistry,2020,8:401.
[15] Yang J G,Song X F,Wang J,et al.Highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence from pyrazine-fused carbene Au(Ⅰ) emitters[J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2021,27(71):17834-17842.
[16] Ruduss A,Sisojevs Z,Jece A,et al.Thiazoline carbene-Au(Ⅰ)-amide complexes exhibiting dimer electroluminescence[J].Journal of Luminescence,2023,264:120197.
[17] Tang R,Xu S,Du L,et al.Au(Ⅰ)-TADF emitters for high efficiency full-color vacuum-deposited OLEDs and TADF-sensitized fluorescent OLEDs with ultrahigh brightness and prolonged operational lifetime[J].Advanced Optical Materials,2023,11(23):2300950.
[18] Romanov A S,Jones S T E,Gu Q,et al.Carbene metal amide photoemitters:tailoring conformationally flexible amides for full color range emissions including white-emitting OLED[J].Chemical Science,2020,11(2):435-446.
[19] Avula S,Jhun B H,Jo U,et al.Achieving long-wavelength electroluminescence using two-coordinate gold(Ⅰ) complexes:overcoming the energy gap law[J].Advanced Science,2024,11(1):2305745.
[20] Fortman G C,Poater A,Levell J W,et al.A versatile gold synthon for acetylene C—H bond activation[J].Dalton Transactions,2010,39(43):10382.
[21] Konkolewicz D,Gaillard S,West A G,et al.Luminescent/hyperbranched polymers:combining thiol-yne chemistry with gold-mediated C—H bond activation[J].Organometallics,2011,30(6):1315-1318.
[22] Chow L F,So M H,Lu W,et al.Synthesis,photophysical properties,and molecular aggregation of gold(Ⅰ) complexes containing carbon-donor ligands[J].Chemistry-an Asian Journal,2011,6(2):544-553.
[23] Garg J A,Blacque O,Heier J,et al.(Benzimidazolin-2-ylidene)-AuI-alkynyl complexes:syntheses,structure,and photophysical properties[J].European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2012,2012(11):1750-1763.
[24] Kuroda Y,Nakamura S Y,Srinivas K,et al.Thermochemically stable liquid-crystalline gold(Ⅰ) complexes showing enhanced room temperature phosphorescence[J].Crystals,2019,9(5):227.
[25] Yu F,Song X,Liu G,et al.Highly efficient Au(Ⅰ) alkynyl emitters:thermally activated delayed fluorescence and solution-processed OLEDs[J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2022,28(67):e202202439.
[26] Brannan A C,Cho H H,Reponen A P M,et al.Phosphorescent carbene-gold-arylacetylide materials as emitters for near UV-OLEDs[J].Advanced Materials,2024,36(5):2306249.
[27] Brannan A C,Cho H H,Daniel J,et al.Unity fluorescent carbene-gold(Ⅰ)-acetylide complexes with two-photon absorption and energy-efficient blue FOLEDs[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2024,12(34):13545-13554.
[28] Gao L,Peay M A,Partyka D V,et al.Mono- and di-gold(Ⅰ) naphthalenes and pyrenes:syntheses,crystal structures,and photophysics[J].Organometallics,2009,28(19):5669-5681.
[29] Molteni R,Edkins K,Haehnel M,et al.C—H activation of fluoroarenes:synthesis,structure,and luminescence properties of copper(Ⅰ) and gold(Ⅰ) complexes bearing 2-phenylpyridine ligands[J].Organometallics,2016,35(5):629-640.
[30] Zhang X,Song X F,Jiang S,et al.Two-coordinate gold(Ⅰ) complex with rotational freedom:a platform integrating thermally activated delayed fluorescence,polymorphism,and linearly polarized luminescence[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2024:e202414892.
[31] Li T Y,Muthiah Ravinso D S,Haiges R,et al.Enhancement of the luminescent efficiency in carbene-Au(Ⅰ)-aryl complexes by the restriction of renner-teller distortion and bond rotation[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2020,142(13):6158-6172.
[32] Li T Y,Djurovich P I,Thompson M E.Phosphorescent monometallic and bimetallic two-coordinate Au(Ⅰ) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene and aryl ligands[J].Inorganica Chimica Acta,2021,517:120188.
[33] Feng X,Yang J,Miao J,et al.Au…H—C interactions support a robust thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) gold(Ⅰ) complex for OLEDs with little efficiency Roll-Off and good stability[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2022,61(40):e202209451.
[34] Cai S,Tong G S M,Du L,et al.Gold(Ⅰ) multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters for highly efficient ultrapure-green organic light-emitting diodes[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2022,61(52):e202213392.
[35] Song X F,Luo S,Li N,et al.Gold coordination-accelerated multi-resonance TADF emission for efficient solution-processible ultrapure deep-blue OLEDs[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2024:e202413536.
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(22205265);广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(2023A04J1553);广东省科技创新战略专项资金(大学生科技创新培育)一般项目(pdjh2024b205)
PDF
