碳纳米管作为一种战略新型碳材料以其独有的高强度、高导热、高导电等诸多优异性能,可应用于航空、电子器件、新能源汽车等国防军事及民生领域,而限制其广泛应用主要受制于高质高产制备。流化床反应器作为制备碳纳米管的核心部件,研究其内碳纳米管制备过程的流态化技术已愈发重要。综述了从碳纳米管的制备技术、生长机理及操作条件对其制备过程的影响到不同流化床内碳纳米管的流态化研究等这一系列围绕宏量制备碳纳米管的技术,提出了反应器内碳纳米管流态化特性研究中存在及未解决的问题,为将来更详细深入地研究碳纳米管的流态化技术提供了指导与方向。
As a strategic new carbon material,carbon nanotubes (CNT) can be used in national defense and military and people's livelihood fields,such as aerospace,electronic devices and new energy vehicles,due to their unique high strength,high thermal conductivity,high electrical conductivity and many other excellent properties.However,the wide application of CNT is mainly limited by the high quality and high yield preparation.Fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is the critical component of CNT preparation and it is increasingly important to study the fluidization technology of the CNT preparation process.In this paper,the technology surrounding the macro production of carbon nanotubes,from the preparation techniques,growth mechanism and the influence of operating conditions on the preparation process of CNT to the fluidization studies of carbon nanotubes in different fluidized beds,were reviewed.The existing and unsolved problems in the fluidization of CNT in FBRs were put forward.It provided guidance and direction for further research on fluidization technology of CNT in the future.
[1] Iijima S.Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon[J].Nature,1991,354:56-58.
[2] Dasgupta K,Joshi J B,Banerjee S.Fluidized bed synthesis of carbon nanotubes-a review[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,171:841-869.
[3] 余浩.纳米聚团流化床法大批量制备碳纳米管的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2004.
[4] Shukrullah S,Mohamed N M,Shaharun M S,et al.Mass production of carbon nanotubes using fluidized bed reactor:a short review[J].Trends in Applied Sciences Research,2014,9:121-131.
[5] Paradise M,Goswami T.Carbon nanotubes-production and industrial applications[J].Materials & Design,2007,28:1477-1489.
[6] Rodriguez N M,Kim M S,Baker R T K.Carbon nanofibers-a unique catalyst support medium[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry,1994,98:13108.
[7] Qian W Z,Wei F,Wang Z W,et al.Production of carbon nanotubes in a packed bed and a fluidized bed[J].AIChE Journal,2003,49:619-625.
[8] Yu H,Zhang Q,Wei F,et al.Agglomerated CNTs synthesized in a fluidized bed reactor:agglomerate structure and formation mechanism[J].Carbon,2003,41(14):2855-2863.
[9] Jeong S W,Son S Y,Lee D H.Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using Co-Fe-Mo/Al2O3 catalytic powders in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Advanced Powder Technology,2010,21(2):93-99.
[10] Liu B C,Gao L Z,Liang Q,et al.A study on carbon nanotubes prepared from catalytic decomposition of C2H2 or CH4 over the pre-reduced LaCoO3 perovskite precursor[J].Catalysis Letter,2001,71:225-228.
[11] Douven S,Pirard S L,Heyen G,et al.Kinetic study of double-walled carbon nanotube synthesis by catalytic chemical vapour deposition over an Fe-Mo/MgO catalyst using methane as the carbon source[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,175:396-407.
[12] 张爱民,王仰东,谢德,等.过渡金属氧化物和金属负载型沸石催化剂上合成纳米碳管及其表征[J].化学学报,2000,58(7):876-883.
[13] Fan S S,Chapline M G,Franklin N R,et al.Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties[J].Science,1999,283:512-514.
[14] Helveg S,López-Cartes C,Sehested J,et al.Atomic-scale imaging of carbon nanofibre growth[J].Nature,2004,427:426-429.
[15] 张强,黄佳琦,赵梦强,等.碳纳米管的宏量制备及产业化[J].中国科学化学,2013,43(6)641-666.
[16] Brukh R,Mitra S.Mechanism of carbon nanotube growth by CVD[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2006,424:126-132.
[17] Zhang Y L,Wang B J,Yu Q,et al.A new understanding of carbon nanotube growth:different functions of carbon species[J].Applied Surface Science,2015,332:756-760.
[18] Sarno M,Sannino D,Leone C,et al.Evaluating the effects of operating conditions on the quantity,quality and catalyzed growth mechanisms of CNTs[J].Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2012,357:26-38.
[19] Shah K A,Tali B A.Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapour deposition:a review on carbon sources,catalysts and substrates[J].Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing,2016,41:67-82.
[20] Guellati O,Bégin D,Antoni F,et al.CNTs' array growth using the floating catalyst-CVD method over different substrates and varying hydrogen supply[J].Materials Science & Engineering B,2018,231:11-17.
[21] Conroy D,Moisala A,Cardoso S,et al.Carbon nanotube reactor:ferrocene decomposition,iron particle growth,nanotube aggregation and scale-up[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2010,65:2965-2977.
[22] Danafar F,Fakhru'l-Razi A,Salleh M A M,et al.Influence of catalytic particle size on the performance of fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes[J].Chemical EngineeringResearch and Design,2011,89:214-223.
[23] Ducati C,Alexandrou I,Chhowalla M,et al.Temperature selective growth of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2002,92(6):3299-3303.
[24] Gommes C,Blacher S,Bossuot C H,et al.Influence of the operating conditions on the production rate of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a CVD reactor[J].Carbon,2004,42(8-9):1473-1482.
[25] Jeong S W,Kim J,Lee D H.Effect of operating variables on synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in fluidized beds[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2015,134:496-503.
[26] Yang N,Youn S K,Frouzakis C E,et al.An effect of gas-phase reactions on the vertically aligned CNT growth by temperature gradient chemical vapor deposition[J].Carbon,2018,130:607-613.
[27] Wei F,Zhang Q,Qian W Z,et al.The mass production of carbon nanotubes using a nano-agglomerate fluidized bed reactor:a multiscale space-time analysis[J].Powder Technology,2008,183(1):10-20.
[28] Yu H,Zhang Q F,Gu G S,et al.Hydrodynamics and gas mixing in a carbon nanotube agglomerate fluidized bed[J].AIChE Journal,2006,52(12):4110-4123.
[29] Bai W J,Chu D M,Wang F,et al.Research on fluidization performance of different tapered fluidized bed reactors for fluidizing carbon nanotubes[J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2020,59:11893-11904.
[30] Zhang C X,Qian W Z,Wei F.Instability of uniform fluidization[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2017,173(14):187-195.
[31] Wei F,Huang C,WangY.Fluidization of carbon nanotubes[J].China Particuology,2005,3(1-2):40-41.
[32] Jeong S W,Lee D H.Bed collapse and expansion characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in fluidized beds[J].Advance Powder Technology,2018,29(3):751-755.
[33] Zhu X L,Zhang Q,Wang Y,et al.Review on the nanoparticle fluidization science and technology[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering,2016,24:9-22.
[34] Mahanandia P,Arya V P,Nanda K K,et al.Preparation temperature effect on the synthesis of various carbon nanostructures[J].Materials Science and Engineering B,2009,164:140-150.
[35] Luo G H,Li Z F,Wei F,et al.Catalysts effect on morphology of carbon nanomaterials prepared by catalytic chemical vapour deposition in a nano-agglomerate bed[J].Physica B,2002,323(1):314-317.
[36] Dashtian H,Sahimi M.Analysis of pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds.Ⅲ.the significance of the cross correlations[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2013,101:390-400.
[37] Xiang J,Li Q H,Wang A Y,et al.Mathematical analysis of characteristic pressure fluctuations in a bubbling fluidized bed[J].Powder Technology,2018,333:167-179.
[38] Zhao Z,Zhang J,Zhang G,et al.Hydrodynamic characterization of a tapered gas-solid bed without a gas distributor[J].Powder Technology,2014,256:300-309.
[39] Franka N P,Heindel T J.Local time-averaged gas holdup in a fluidized bed with side air injection using X-ray computed tomography[J].Powder Technology,2009,193(1):69-78.
[40] Wiens J,Pugsley T.Tomographic imaging of a conical fluidized bed of dry pharmaceutical granule[J].Powder Technology,2006,169:49-59.
[41] Zhang C X,Li P L,Lei C,et al.Experimental study of non-uniform bubble growth in deep fluidized beds[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2018,176:515-523.
[42] Peng B,Zhang C,Zhu,J.Numerical study of the effect of the gas and solids distributors on the uniformity of the radial solid concentration distribution in CFB risers[J].Powder Technology,2011,212(1):89-102.
[43] Lim C N,Gilbertson M A,Harrison A J L.Bubble distribution and behavior in bubbling fluidized beds[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2007,62:56-69.
[44] Van der Schaaf J,Schouten J C,Johnsson F,et al.Non-intrusive determination of bubble and slug length scales in fluidized beds by decomposition of the power spectral density of pressure time series[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2002,28:865-880.
[45] Scott C D,Hancher C W.Use of a tapered fluidized bed as a continuous bioreactor[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1976,18:1393-1403.
[46] Peng Y,Fan L T.Hydrodynamic characteristics of fluidization in liquid-solid tapered beds[J].Chemical Engineering Science,1997,52(14):2277-2290.
[47] Sau D C,Mohanty S,Biswal K C.Minimum fluidization velocities and maximum bed pressure drops for gas-solid tapered fluidized beds[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2007,132(1-3):151-157.
[48] DiFelice R,Foscolo P U,Gibilaro L G,et al.Expansion characteristics of tapered fluidized beds[J].AlChE Journal,1991,37(11):1668-1672.
[49] Khani M H.Models for prediction of hydrodynamic characteristics of gas-solid tapered and mini-tapered fluidized beds[J].Powder Technology,2011,205(1-3):224-230.
[50] Wormsbecker M,Adams A,Pugsley T,et al.Segregation by size difference in a conical fluidized bed of pharmaceutical granulate[J].Powder Technology,2005,153(1):72-80.
[51] Bai W J,Chu D M,He Y.Bubble characteristic of carbon nanotube growth process in a tapered fluidized bed reactor without a distributor[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,407:126792.
[52] Bai W J,Chu D M,He Y.The minimum fluidization velocity and dynamic characteristics of agglomerated carbon nanotube in a tapered fluidized bed at elevated temperature[J].Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2021,168:239-253.
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(52176076和52206096);山东省泰山学者项目(ts20190937);山东省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZX20203700003362)
PDF
