研究了炸药撞击感度的各种影响因素。从分子结构而言,强氢键分子和紧密的分子堆积有利于降低含能材料的撞击感度;撞击感度既与粒度有关,也与晶体形态有关,对于类似于球形的单质炸药,粒度越小,撞击感度越低,这是因为炸药晶体的粒度减小,内部缺陷也会减少,不易形成热点,并且易于流动,不利于热量积累;如果单质炸药为不规则晶型,即便粒度降低,撞击感度可能降低,也有可能增加,机理可能是,不规则形态不利于晶体紧密堆积,空洞多,容易形成热点。另外,不规则形态不利于流动,受到撞击时容易形成应力集中,产生裂纹或破碎而形成热点,因此感度一般较高;孔隙率高的炸药,不论单质炸药还是混合炸药,撞击感度一般较高;充分地包覆(如蜡、高分子材料等)可显著地降低炸药的撞击感度;温度对炸药的撞击感度有显著影响,对某种炸药而言,有一个撞击感度最低的温度值,在此温度升高或降低温度,撞击感度均呈升高的趋势。新型测试装置研发和测试方法改进具有非常重要的应用价值,值得进一步深入研究。
Various factors affecting the impact sensitivity of explosives were studied.Strong hydrogen bonding molecules and close molecular packing were beneficial to reduce the impact sensitivity of energetic materials in terms of molecular structure.The impact sensitivity was related to both particle size and crystal morphology.For spherical like explosives,the smaller the particle size was,the lower the impact sensitivity was.This was because the particle size of the explosive crystal was reduced,the internal defects will also be reduced,it was not easy to form hot spots,and it was easy to flow.If the single explosive was irregular crystal,even if the particle size was reduced,the impact sensitivity may be reduced or increased.The mechanism may be that the irregular shape was not conducive to the close accumulation of crystals,there were many cavities,and it was easy to form hot spots.In addition,the irregular shape was not conducive to the flow,and it was easy to form stress concentration leading to cracks or breakage when impacted,so the sensitivity was generally high.The results shown that the impact sensitivity of explosives with high porosity was generally higher for single explosive or mixed explosive.The impact sensitivity of explosives can be significantly reduced by fully coating (such as wax,polymer materials,etc.).Temperature had significant influence on the impact sensitivity of explosives,and for certain explosives,there was a temperature value with the lowest impact sensitivity where the temperature increased or decreased,the impact sensitivity increased with the decrease of temperature.The research and development of new test device and the improvement of test method had very important application value,which was worthy of further study.
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基金资助
国家自然科学基金(21805223)
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